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Tuesday, 28 July 2015

Intelligenz-Zelle

Das Netzwerk eines Schleimpilzes: Der Einzeller breitet guerilla-artig Arme aus, um die nächste Futterquelle zu finden. Foto: Uni Graz/Grube

Das Netzwerk eines Schleimpilzes: Der Einzeller breitet guerilla-artig Arme aus, um die nächste Futterquelle zu finden. Foto: Uni Graz/Grube

Ein simpler Pilz könnte als Bio-Computer eingesetzt werden: Er findet rasch und selbstorganisiert die besten Routen zu seinen Nahrungsquellen.

Was sind ideale Transportwege in Krisenregionen? Wie optimieren sich Gefäße in einem Tumor? Um die besten Routen innerhalb eines Netzwerks zu berechnen, arbeiten OptimiererInnen mit komplexen Computermodellen. PflanzenwissenschafterInnen nutzen nun einen völlig neuen Zugang: Sie überlassen diese Arbeit einem Schleimpilz, der zu den gewünschten Punkten wächst.
Der Volksmund kennt ihn bei uns als Hexenbutter, und er tritt als gelber Schleimfleck aus den Böden unserer Wälder. Insgesamt gibt es rund 800 Schleimpilzarten, nur wenige davon wurden bis jetzt kultiviert. ForscherInnen um Martin Grube haben am Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften eigens ein Biophysik-Labor eingerichtet, in dem die Nahrungs- und Suchstrategien dieser netzwerkenden Organismen erforscht werden. „Das Faszinierende an diesem Lebewesen ist, dass es selbstorganisiert und dezentral seine Ressourcen – sprich Nahrungsquellen – erfasst und dabei ein Netzwerk an Verästelungen aufbaut, das wir kaum besser berechnen könnten“, erklärt Grube. Britisch-japanische ForscherInnen haben das bereits mit einem Experiment gezeigt: Sie verteilten Haferflocken auf einer Unterlage analog zu den Bahnhöfen im Ballungsraum von Tokio. Die Wege, die der Schleimpilz zu diesen Futterquellen fand, waren praktisch deckungsgleich mit dem Schienennetz der japanischen Metropole.
Da die Pilze vor allem im Dunkeln wachsen, kann man durch Beleuchtung ihre Richtung beeinflussen. „Helle Orte vermeiden sie gänzlich, zu pulsierendem Licht wachsen sie langsamer. So lassen sich beispielsweise Landschaften simulieren“, schildert der Pflanzenwissenschafter. Er sieht es als realistisch an, dass diese Organismen tatsächlich Computern Arbeit abnehmen können. Die Forschungen sind in den Schwerpunkt Modelle und Simulation eingebunden.

created by Dagmar Eklaude

Related news

Learning better: Can science experiments in group settings help children with autism?

How can pupils with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have positive learning experiences and improve their social skills? Researchers at the University of Graz are investigating how science experiments in group settings can contribute to this. Initial results from the project, which is funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF, show that children react differently depending on the kind of neurodiversity, but that experimentation classes with the right setting definitely have potential. "Pupils with ASD can do more than is currently expected of them in many cases," says project leader Uwe Simon.

Sustainability Award 2024 for two projects of the University of Graz

How do major international conferences reduce their carbon footprint? And what can maths lessons contribute to education for sustainable development? Two questions that were answered at the University of Graz. The corresponding projects were awarded the Sustainability Award 2024 in silver on 26 November in Vienna. This award for Austria's universities and colleges is presented by the Ministry of Science and the Ministry of Climate Protection.

Bees under observation: University of Graz provides unprecedented insights into the hive

What is going on in the combs? How many eggs is the queen laying? How much honey is there? Autonomous robots and AI algorithms provide important data and high-resolution real-time images from inside a beehive. "As part of an international team, we have developed a game-changer technology for a new type of digitalised behavioural research," reports biologist Thomas Schmickl from the Artifical Life Lab at the University of Graz. The publication, which has just appeared as the cover story in the journal "Science Robotics", describes the wealth of information that can be obtained from this unique research facility.

Research for healthy aging: FWF funds Cluster of Excellence "MetAGE" with 18 million euros

Six researchers from the Field of Excellence "BioHealth" at the University of Graz, together with colleagues from the Medical Universities of Graz and Vienna, have acquired an FWF-funded "Cluster of Excellence". Now a newly formed center of excellence will be created under the leadership of the University of Graz. The aim is to gain a better understanding of healthy aging. The findings will flow directly into clinical research.

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